Patients views on the changes of finance healthcare

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The digital files were transcribed by the author himself. Content analysis was used to detect and code factors affecting quality of healthcare services, organise them into logical and meaningful categories, make connections between and among categories, and explain the link between categories.

The researcher has not allowed personal values to influence the conduct of the research and findings derived from it. Member checks respondent validation were done in face-to-face discussions with a subgroup of participants in order to verify and validate the findings. The researcher also utilised peer debriefing with five quality management experts. The peer debriefers provided the researcher an opportunity to clarify his interpretations about the nature of quality healthcare and to examine his biases.

The views of participants on factors influencing the quality of healthcare were grouped into three main categories and 10 themes Table 2.

Factors related to both the provider and receiver of the healthcare service and the environment affect the quality of provided services. Socio-demographic factors influence the interaction between a provider and the patient and consequently the quality of services.

They [The patients] did not understand me. They talked in a different language. They did not even obey my [medical] orders. For instance, I asked a patient with pharyngitis not to eat sausage and pickled cucumber. He agreed not to do so. I had a patient, a mother of eight children who was sick, and pregnancy was dangerous for her.

Healthcare professionals must be aware of and understand the socio-demographic characteristics of their patients to provide high-quality services. Some patients ask their doctors to prescribe medicines.

They believe that they will not be healed unless they take medicines. Therefore, patients can easily switch from one provider to another one. On the other hand, the high cost of running a medical clinic forces physicians to see more patients.

The income from the first 18 patients goes to the expenses [break-even-point]. Sometimes the patient cannot afford the costs associated with his or her treatment and decides to cancel the treatment.

Quality of patient care depends directly on the quality of patient education and responsibility. More educated patients have more realistic expectations of the healthcare providers. Participants believe that patients who come to the private hospitals would expect more as they are paying more for the services. I had a very polite and eloquent patient today. Some participants asserted that patient recognition affects the quality of provided services. Otherwise, I just do my job. Patient involvement and cooperation is needed and affects the quality of healthcare service.

Clinical outcomes depend on the ability of patients to provide information and cooperate with clinicians. So, if [he had] any history of heart problems or internal bleeding [he should] let me know. Later, when his wife brought his medical records, I found out that he had a heart attack last year.

I stopped the medicine immediately. Later, I saw her drinking water. The patient does not take a long-term effect medicine completely. Doctors considered patient trust a key factor in achieving the desired outcomes. Since yesterday 5 patients died. The character and personality of healthcare provider affect the quality of healthcare services. Some physicians built a good relationship with patients. Healthcare professionals should improve their competencies i. My knowledge benefits patients.

For example, Nifedipine is used to reduce blood pressure. According to the latest evidence, it causes CVA. Medical universities have a critical role in providing education and professional development opportunities for the healthcare workforce. Healthcare professionals demanded more relevant and practical education and training. I have to learn that by myself. Healthcare providers identified nine organisational factors they believed influence their motivation and consequently job satisfaction.

These were pay, working environment, managerial leadership, organisational policies, co-workers, recognition, job security, job identity, and chances for promotion. I feel satisfied when I see that I saved people life. However, they were dissatisfied with the payment particularly in public hospitals.

Throughout every focus group discussion with healthcare employees, the common reason for their dissatisfaction was insufficient and unfair pay and benefits. There are inconsistencies regarding pay rates among healthcare settings. More and more qualified employees are leaving private hospitals as soon as they find a secure and well-paid job.

For instance, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences advertised for the recruiting of clinical staff in Many of the employees, especially nurses in private hospitals left their jobs after the attainment of a position in a public hospital. I left it because of too much work and low wages.

My colleagues were excellent. The working environment was good. High employee turnover causes many problems for operational managers. Most of the newly employed personnel do not have work experience. Therefore, the education supervisor or department head have to train them. She [the new nurse] had sent the patient without preparing and accompanying her! Some employees of public hospitals work in a private hospital mostly in the afternoon and night shifts to cope with their living expenses.

In such cases, the quality of their services will be decreased due to too much work. This in turn affects patient satisfaction. He earns about 1 million RLS over there. Furthermore, the pay gaps among professionals in a healthcare setting are very wide. It was very important for employees to see that their contribution is recognised and valued by managers, even if only symbolically. Nobody appreciated it.

The opportunity for professional development does not always seem to be encouraged by managers as explained by several respondents. There is no promotion here for employees. The working environment affects employee satisfaction. Participants expressed a need for a quiet and supportive working area. When the work place is dark and closed, it causes me to feel upset. It takes days for a supplier to receive the payment. There is no referral system from the primary healthcare level to the secondary and tertiary levels in Iranian healthcare system.

Most patients prefer to be seen by a medical specialist. Medical insurance companies make it even more affordable for patients to see a medical specialist. Furthermore, the fee for service of a doctor visit is the same for simple or more complicated cases. It leads to competition between the GP and the specialist, with the latter being perceived as holding the upper hand.

The fee for both services is the same. Moreover, lack of patient trust in medical doctors and lack of familiarity with medical practices increases uncertainty and leads to repeated medical visits.

The situation is under control even if it takes a week to get better. As a result, the demand for specialised healthcare is increasing which is beyond the resources of healthcare organisations or even payers. Increased number of patients decreases the quality of services.

Facilities and equipment are getting old. Hospital personnel particularly clinical staff who took part in the study complained that they were overworked and that there were staff shortages.

I worked in a public hospital with average daily patients in the outpatient department who had to be visited by 1 PM. We are not dependent on patients. The increased demand for medical services may force physicians to transfer patients to paramedical departments instead of having them properly examined to achieve an accurate diagnosis.

Therefore, I cannot examine a patient properly and ask questions as these take time. I have to prescribe radiography. Thus, we have to spend about 1 minute for each patient [to get the radiography film]. This in turn increases staff job stress, resource utilisation and probability of errors. Sometimes 10 patients are waiting for the service [Radiology]. Participants, mostly policy-makers, managers, and doctors believed that the tariff of healthcare services do not match with the costs of providing the services.

It means that if we keep the bed empty and do not admit a patient, the loss would be a third. Therefore, providers have to cut costs. Lack of competition especially in public sector was also considered as a reason for ignoring quality in healthcare systems. There is lack of competition among healthcare providers.

Government funds healthcare services. Some even suggested that the direct monetary link between the doctor and the patient has to be removed. Policy-makers are not involved in healthcare delivery. Therefore, their decisions are not realistic.

As a result, the allocated budget does not match with the costs of providing healthcare services. A number of participants believed that medical and healthcare service fees should be changed. I cannot afford the costs. Availability of resources affects the quality of healthcare services. We need to have a record of patient history. It is very useful, especially for patients with blood pressure or diabetes. High-quality outputs services require high-quality inputs.

Therefore, it takes more time to do our job. The results may not also be reliable. The reserve is out of order. While we cannot pay employees salaries, how can we talk about quality?

Effective management was mentioned as an important enabler of quality from the perspective of providers, managers, policy-makers and payers. They do not have experience and knowledge in management. The analysis of qualitative data indicated that the lack of management stability was considered a major obstacle facing the managers trying to extend their knowledge and experience.

Managers in public hospitals do not have the ultimate power for decision-making. National policies are extremely prescriptive and do not allow sufficient flexibility to adapt to local circumstances. A manager does not have enough authority to change it [adapt it]. The Ministry of Health should define the indicators and ask managers to achieve them.

Healthcare managers demand more power in identifying and recruiting the most appropriate personnel to provide quality service. Furthermore, managers cannot control physicians the same way as other employees. The medical school decides who should practice in the hospital. For instance, it was decided that a paediatrician should work at the hospital on Sundays. She said that she does not have it. They should be more responsible. Medical doctors expect their colleagues or co-workers to be more responsible and be empowered enough to perform the job well.

Healthcare professionals highlighted the importance of cooperation and teamwork among healthcare providers as an important component of high-quality healthcare services. For example, for some hormone tests, the patient must not eat a specific food. All these can be sorted out easily through collaboration between two hospitals. The lack of collaboration between healthcare organisations and other organisations influence service quality. Normally, the hospital sends the bills by the end of every month to the [insurance] company.

It takes time to get the money back [due to bureaucracy]. It is difficult for the hospital to manage the new price. Therefore, patients are asked to buy the medicine themselves from the pharmacy and then claim the money from the insurance company. It causes inconvenience for patients. Quality in healthcare is a production of cooperation between the patient and the healthcare provider in a supportive environment. Healthcare service quality depends on personal factors of the healthcare service provider and the patient and factors pertaining to the healthcare organisation and broader environment.

Differences in internal and external factors such as availability of resources and collaboration and cooperation among providers affect the quality of care and patient outcomes.

A number of theoretical relationships can be inductively inferred from the preceding analysis. These relationships are depicted in Figure 1. Individual factors include age, personality, education, abilities, and experience.

Organisational factors include management style, working conditions, and relationships with co-workers. Environmental factors consist of economic and social influences. Furthermore, customer related factors such as socio-demographic variables, attitude, and cooperation influence the quality of care provided.

This study showed that hospital employees burdened with heavy workloads, poor compensation packages, low quality of work life, and poor leadership. All of these factors have impeded the delivery of quality patient services particularly in the public health sector.

These findings are consistent with previous studies in Iran 39 — In this study, clear relationships between employee satisfaction, quality of care, and patient satisfaction was found. These findings support earlier researches 45 , Good human resource management drives employee satisfaction and loyalty 47 , Effective human resource management can also have a significant effect on customer satisfaction.

Satisfied and committed employees deliver better care, which results in better outcomes and higher patient satisfaction 49 — The findings suggest that healthcare quality can be improved by supportive leadership, proper planning, education and training, and effective management of resources, employees, and processes. If policy-makers and managers intend to improve healthcare services quality, they should apply techniques and tools to operationalise these quality management constructs.

However, there are some obstacles that prevent the successful introduction of quality management models. Some of these organisational morbidities are explained below.

Centralization, bureaucracy, and severe dependency on government with a strong hierarchical structure are important barriers to effective quality management in the Iranian healthcare system. Almost all decisions regarding the structures, general goals, policies, and even resource allocation are made at the central level by the MoHME.

Managers in public healthcare organisations do not have autonomy to make and implement strategic decisions. An effective quality management system requires more autonomy for operational managers in the decision-making processes.

The MoHME determines health policies, delivers, and evaluates healthcare services. While the ministry of health participates in developing standards and policies, an accreditation council comprising representatives from government regulatory agencies, professional organisations, practitioners, and the public should be created to govern the accreditation programme.

Quality management principles should be incorporated into healthcare evaluation and accreditation standards. Several ministries, organisations, and institutions are involved in the provision of healthcare services in Iran, which make the healthcare system less efficient.

They pay differently to their employees. It resulted in a feeling of inequity, de-motivation and dissatisfaction among employees. The quality and tariff of services are also different in these healthcare organisations, leading to patient dissatisfaction. Nationalisation of healthcare services decreases the feeling of inequity among healthcare providers and clients.

Many Iranians cannot afford the costs of healthcare services on their own. There are many public and private medical insurance programmes in Iran. A national Universal programme of comprehensive health insurance helps to decrease the inequity in access to services for patients. It is very difficult to sustain the benefits of a quality management system in Iranian healthcare organisations while they are suffering from these organisational diseases.

Managers and policy-makers must invest in the following five capitals see Figure 2 to overcome the above-mentioned obstacles and facilitate the implementation of quality management Physical capital refers to any non-human asset used in the production of products and services.

Quality is not free. High-quality resources are needed to provide high-quality services. Healthcare organisations should provide their staff with the resources and support they need to deliver high-quality services In , Iran spent 5. A much higher percentage of the national GDP should be allocated to the healthcare system to improve healthcare services quality. The organisational structure in Iranian healthcare organisations should be changed to support quality improvement activities.

The new quality structure should be supported by adequate staff, facilities, and resources. A clinical governance system should be established for defining clinical standards and monitoring performance against standards Using a quality-oriented information system helps in studying the processes and identifying and then prioritising quality problems. Human capital refers to the skills, experience, and knowledge gained by an employee to perform the job well.

The quantity and quality of healthcare providers affect the quality of services. High-quality providers are critical to producing high-quality outcomes. Healthcare managers should have distinctive approaches for the attraction and the retention of qualified employees that are able to deliver the highest-quality care. The current recruitment policies and practices in Iran should be reviewed to support managers in identifying and recruiting the most appropriate personnel to provide a quality service.

This might involve operational managers and supervisors in staff selection and the use of performance-related criteria and psychometric tests for selecting staff. Continuing professional development is the most important investments in human capital. Therefore, universities should play a more active role in the effective training of human resources for healthcare organisations.

Medical universities should offer quality-related courses in their academic programmes for medical and paramedical students. This study emphasised the need to properly reward and recognise employees. Employees perform better when they feel recognised and appreciated The fee-for-service payment method can discourage cooperation and collaboration across the delivery system in providing of effective and efficient healthcare services as it encourages providers to provide more services for the patients to maximise their own economic interests.

It consists of the norms, obligations and trust embedded in social relations, which enable participants to act together more effectively and to pursue shared objectives Accountability, coupled with transparency of information, help improve social capital. Professionals must be accountable to those they serve for the quality of care delivered.

Delivering high-quality healthcare services is a corporate social responsibility of an organisation. Although improving productivity has been emphasised in the Iranian national development plan, there is no criteria for measuring achievement. Therefore, managers are not responsible enough towards increasing the productivity of healthcare organisations through the improvement of the quality of services. Regulatory bodies can support accountability through their core functions.

This includes maintaining a register of professionals, setting standards for education and training, requiring continuing professional development, and providing guidance on standards and ethics. Education has a very powerful and positive effect on social capital. Successful quality management implementation requires a significant change in mindsets, attitudes, and beliefs of individuals with regard to quality.

Teamwork and collaboration should be fostered. Good communication, cooperation, and collaboration among healthcare providers support providing effective and efficient healthcare services, and promote shared responsibility for patient care.

In Iranian healthcare, decision-making is centralized, the workforce is not empowered and there is a lack of trust amongst managers and employees. Mistakes bring blame seeking and dismissal and teamwork is thought to be unnecessary.

Changing established behaviour and practices of an organisation is not easy Education of the next generation in schools and universities on participation and teamwork concepts and skills, continuous improvement, and customer focus by the national TV or radio, ISIRI, etc.

The increasing complexity of healthcare services, treatment options and care pathways requires a more knowledgeable and participative customer to achieve the most satisfactory outcomes. More active informed customer involvement reduces inappropriate use of healthcare services and errors and improves the quality of services through constructive criticism. However, customers lack knowledge about their rights in Iranian healthcare organisations 57 , The media and education system must play an active role in increasing public knowledge about healthcare services.

Customer advocate institutions like the National Council for Quality Healthcare and the patients association should be established at the national level to make sure healthcare organisations are accountable enough in providing high-quality services.

Healthcare organisations should also establish a patient relations department to provide patient advice and liaison service. The success or failure of quality management is first of all in the hands of leaders It is important that managers develop their leadership skills and demonstrate their commitment to quality by establishing a shared vision and setting a clear direction for the organisation.

Iranian healthcare managers have been blamed for being short term oriented, conservative, non-participative, and non-scientific 60 , Medical doctors without management expertise have occupied most of the managerial key positions in Iranian healthcare organisations.

They rely more on practical experience as a vehicle for learning about management Decision-making tends to be based on intuition rather than use of reliable information. As healthcare organisations are growing in number and complexity, there is an ever-growing need for professional management and governance that is accountable for continuously improving corporate clinical, operational, and financial performance.

The introduction of professional management into the healthcare system increases managerial control of services and promote organisational productivity. Iranian healthcare organisations can be managed better by having well-trained managers supporting and leading the teams that manage the processes to deliver the best possible care for patients.

Findings of this study confirm that managerial knowledge and skills are key success factors for the effective management of an organisation. These include personal motivation, enthusiasm, intelligence, conscientiousness, self-confidence, skill in dealing with people, and capacity to motivate others 62 , A programme should be developed to select, train, and develop professional managers for healthcare organisations.

Training opportunities must be offered to help managers develop their management and leadership skills. Quality management methods should be also integrated into the management education curriculum. The MoHME should invest considerably in leadership development programmes for clinicians and managers. Respondents were healthcare organisation stakeholders in Iran and the results of the study cannot be generalised to other countries or healthcare systems. Hence, future studies may want to explore and identify factors that affect quality of healthcare services in other countries.

The model presented in this paper needs to be confirmed empirically. The pluralistic evaluation in this study revealed a comprehensive picture of factors affecting quality and the reasons for their occurrence in a way that would not have been possible had a singular evaluation approach been used.

As the demand for healthcare services is increasing, most healthcare organisations find themselves overwhelmed with large volumes of patients. With such robust market, many providers cannot justify the cost of trying to improve the system.

The majority of healthcare providers involved in this study stressed that quality of healthcare services is severely limited by lack of resources. In such a context, patient concerns could not be taken into account. In addition, public healthcare organisations deal with frequent management turnover.

Important changes are required in a number of aspects of healthcare system in Iran if healthcare organisations are to provide high-quality services.

Ethical codes in this study involved i respect for human dignity, ii respect for privacy and confidentiality, and iii respect for autonomy. Patients are constantly looking for quality healthcare services. Understanding the factors that affect healthcare service quality helps benchmark for best practices, deliver appropriate care, and improve processes to reduce the frequency and severity of medical errors.

Citation: Mosadeghrad AM. Factors influencing healthcare service quality. Int J Health Policy Manag ; 3: 77— Int J Health Policy Manag. Published online Jul Author information Article notes Copyright and License information Disclaimer. Not enough attention has yet been paid to the issue of who pays and, more importantly, to the sustainability of financing.

This fundamental concept in the economics of health policy needs to be reconsidered carefully. In a globalized economy, as the share of labor decreases relative to that of capital, wage income is increasingly insufficient to cover the rising cost of care.

At the same time, as the cost of Social Health Insurance through employment contributions rises with medical costs, it imperils the competitiveness of the economy. These reasons explain why spreading health care cost to all factors of production through comprehensive National Health Insurance financed by progressive taxation of income from all sources, instead of employer-employee contributions, protects health system objectives, especially during economic recessions, and ensures health system sustainability.

Health systems appeared after , as Europe was healing from the 2 nd World War. With a political shift to the left [ 1 ], governments responded to public demands for affordable health services accessible to all. Two major types of public health systems emerged, named after their political instigators:. Bismarck systems based on social insurance, with a multitude of public insurance funds, financed by employer-employee contributions, independent of health care provision.

Examples are Belgium, France and Germany. Beveridge systems , where public financing and health care delivery are handled within one tax-financed structure, such as the National Health Service NHS in the UK and in some Nordic states.

Since then, there has been intense debate over the two generic types of systems, with the discussion centered on access, quality and cost. In both WHO definitions, the main concern was about raising adequate funds, sidestepping the implications for payers and for the economy. With recent recessions, however, universal coverage, a main pillar of social cohesion and welfare is endangered, with profound implications on equity Footnote 1 and financial protection.

The willingness of society to disburse the necessary funds in developing countries has been discussed since the s [ 4 ], and sustainable development remains pertinent in light of social, demographic and epidemiological changes [ 5 ].

The incidence of financing and health system viability has only recently become a major topic of health policy [ 6 ], not only in Europe [ 7 ] and the UK [ 8 ] but also in the US [ 9 ] and Canada [ 10 ].

The OECD Meeting, held on 24—25 April in Paris, aimed to identify and disseminate good practices in managing health care budgets Footnote 4 , and a publication on the fiscal sustainability of health systems is under development. This shall examine drivers of health expenditure, policies to manage spending and improve value for money. This fundamental, but rather overlooked, concept in the economics of health policy needs to be actively debated as sustainable development goals gain traction in post policy agenda.

This paper discusses the implications of the way health care resources are raised, pooled and spent. Financial sustainability as a major health care issue in the 21 st century world is also discussed.

The evolution of health financing during the last half century reveals a fundamental shift in core issues. After , health systems were designed for populations expected to live for an average of 65—70 years.

With retirement at 60—65 and near full employment, lifetime earnings and savings were more or less sufficient to finance a decent health system, while rising health expenditure meant welfare gains for all.

In the 21 st century, average life expectancy rose above the age of 80, and health science and technology improved quality of life even at a very old age. Although desirable, the prolongation of life in good health costs, a reality that no democratic society can ignore for long. The real political, economic and ethical question is the source of the required financing.

Very rich countries Footnote 5 can still afford to rely largely on private health insurance despite the serious equity issues involved. Most developed and developing countries, however, finance their more or less developed welfare state through taxation and labor contributions. It is in these countries that globalization is bringing increasing economic inequality and economic uncertainty has caused a major debate on the sustainability of health financing. Globalization has profoundly affected the distribution of income both among and within countries.

The seminal work of Thomas Piketty in [ 12 ] showed that globalization favors capital relative to other sources of income, such as labor and rents. Increased capital mobility pulled many countries out of poverty, but the benefits favor the rich capital owning countries [ 13 ].

Globalization also increased income inequality within countries with top income brackets absorbing a larger share of national GDP [ 14 ]. Besides being a moral and political question, growing inequality is also an economic one since, beyond a certain point, it can be a source of significant economic ills [ 15 ].

For example, the failure to tax income reduces the effectiveness of welfare and safety nets and undermines the competitiveness of the economy [ 16 ]. This point is particularly important for developing countries now developing their health systems. Another phenomenon that makes this century different is frequent recessions as income inequality causes a drop in demand [ 15 ]. Unemployment and economic distress put a strain on public budgets, increase the demand for public health services, and limit access to private services [ 17 ].

Such extreme pressures, as after the economic crisis, introduced financial sustainability in the health policy debate. Although the debate is still centered on funding and value for money, it now includes the ability of a society to fulfill its implicit or explicit promise to satisfy need-based demand for health care [ 18 ].

The answer to the question of who must pay for health care and how lies in the moral fabric and the value system of a society. It is a deeply ideological and political question with undertones of social involvement, personal responsibility, and freedom of choice. Big changes in health care financing happen rarely, usually after major events Footnote 6 , and are more likely to take place in countries with social cohesion high on their value scale Footnote 7. One, that reliance on out-of-pocket expenditure is not acceptable on equity and financial protection grounds.

Two, that only some kind of income transfer, such as taxation, can cover the increasing cost of health care.

The question therefore should now focus, not only on whether society as a whole will bear the cost but also on how to obtain and manage the needed savings, and on the efficiency and competitiveness of the economy which must produce them. Life expectancy indeed rose significantly in the last fifty years together with total lifetime cost [ 20 ]. The average retirement age, however, remained more or less the same at around People of working age today must finance the health needs of their children, themselves and, mainly, the 3 rd and 4 th generation.

Therefore, only savings in the form of taxes on all incomes produced by society, including wealth and capital, appear to be a sustainable source of funding in the long-term. In addition, cyclical fluctuations are now common events rather than rare occurrences. Health financing may determine how pressures on health systems are weathered without loss of equity, quality and financial protection.

Social Health Insurance has been found to have negative labor market effects [ 21 ] and to hurt competitiveness [ 7 ] due to higher labor costs. This is crucial in monetary unions where devaluation during economic crises is not an option and competitiveness gains are the only way for the economy to adjust to pre-crisis levels.

In addition, as unemployment increases, incomes decline and pressures on health budget and public infrastructure are pushed to extremes, evidence has indicated that public health systems financed through taxation can be more responsive to economic pressures and more effective in health expenditure consolidation [ 22 ]. Although conclusive evidence is lacking, the experiences of Canada and Greece may be indicative.

Evidence from Canada, where health is financed mainly through taxation, suggests that patient satisfaction, hospital performance and health outcomes were maintained despite the financial strain [ 23 ]. Concerns that reliance on taxation may be associated with higher private payments, especially during economic downturns [ 22 ], or that corruption may inhibit administrative capacity to collect taxes [ 24 ], may be put to rest by the fact that during economic turmoil individuals become more price-sensitive and administrative capacity tends to improve.

Between and , Footnote 9 Social Insurance expenditure declined by Greece is now a country where the need of re-orientation of health care financing is pressing [ 25 , 27 ]. In conclusion, employment contributions as a source of health financing are incompatible with universal coverage, quality of services, and rising life expectancy. A move towards general taxation to meet health care needs can boost economic growth through increased competitiveness, and achieve major non-health objectives, like equity, financial protection, quality and responsiveness even during economic downturns.

Health system sustainability, as a system objective, must turn to financing through progressive taxation of all types of income. Political concerns associated with economic imperatives as well as moral considerations may force changes in health services financing in both the developed and developing world. National health insurance financed through taxation should gain momentum in the quest for more sustainable and responsive health systems. In this paper we treat the concept of Equity-in-Health as implying equal treatment for equal needs, regardless of income or financial ability.

The full Report will be submitted to the European Parliament in early The importance of the moral determinant is clear in a comparison of post-war UK, with the US, a country with similar cultural background, fifty years later. Even so, it has become the main issue in the ideological and political warfare in the US. Judt T. Postwar: A history of Europe since London: Random House; The World health report, Health systems: improving performance.

Geneva: WHO; Google Scholar. Olsen IT. Sustainability of health care: a framework for analysis. Health Policy Plan. Health in the context of sustainable development. Hsiao WC. Why is a systemic view of health financing necessary? Health Aff. Article Google Scholar. Financing health care in the European Union: challenges and policy responses.

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Technology has had a further impact on how healthcare administrators handle resources and manage medical centers. Cultural shifts, cost of care, and policy adjustments have contributed to a more patient-empowered shift in care over the last century. Technological advancements contribute to a shift in our patient-centered healthcare system.

This trend is expected to continue as new healthcare electronic technologies , such as 3D printing, wearable biometric devices, and GPS tracking, are tested and introduced for clinical use. Policies and procedures in individual facilities may restrict how and when new technologies are introduced, but cutting-edge technology is expected to play an increasingly larger role in our healthcare system within the coming years.

As legislative and demographic changes trickle down into care facilities, the use of hospital services is expected to grow significantly between and This growth is due to an anticipated increase in Medicare beneficiaries in the coming decade.

The cost of hospital care is expected to rise from 0. Since then, Congress has made Medicare and Medicaid changes to open eligibility to more people. For example, Medicare was expanded in to cover the disabled, people over 65, and others. Medicare includes more benefits today, including limitless home health visits and quality standards for Medicare-approved nursing homes. Medicaid has also been expanded to cover a larger group than initially intended.

This includes coverage for low-income families, pregnant women, people requiring long-term care, and people with disabilities. Wide variations in Medicaid programs across the nation occur because individual states have the ability to tailor Medicaid programs to serve the needs of their residents.

Potential consumers can now use the Marketplace website to determine their Medicaid eligibility. As the baby boomer generation approaches retirement, thus qualifying for Medicare, healthcare spending by federal, state, and local governments is projected to increase.

Assuming the government continues to subsidize Marketplace premiums for lower-income populations, this increased government healthcare spending will greatly affect the entire healthcare system in the U. Although Medicaid spending growth decelerated in due to reduced enrollment, spending is expected to accelerate at an average rate of 7.

Along with policy and technological changes, the people who provide healthcare are also changing. Providers are an important part of the healthcare system and any changes to their education, satisfaction or demographics are likely to affect how patients receive care.

Future healthcare providers are also more likely to focus their education on business than ever before.

This growth may result in more private practices and healthcare administrators. In recent years, the demographics of the medical profession have shifted. Women currently make up the majority of healthcare providers in certain specialties, including pediatrics and obstetrics and gynecology.

Nearly one-third of all practicing physicians are women. According to an Association of American Medical Colleges AAMC analysis, women comprise 46 percent of all physicians in training and nearly half of all medical students. Based on these statistics, we can assume more women may enter the medical profession in the coming years.

African-American women are more likely to become doctors than their male counterparts, according to AAMC data. While African-Americans comprise only four percent of the physician workforce, 55 percent of the African American physician workforce is female.

This shift in demographics to include more women in healthcare supports diversity in the industry and represents overall population diversity. The prevalence of malpractice lawsuits is one way to evaluate the competence of healthcare providers.

The amount of malpractice claims in the U. As the trend of declining malpractice lawsuits continues, it may indicate that provider competence and patient care will continue to improve. Job satisfaction is one area that must improve. Nurses report higher overall career satisfaction than doctors, based on results of the latest Survey of Registered Nurses conducted by AMN Healthcare and compared to the Physician Compensation Report. Nine out of 10 nurses who participated in the survey said they were satisfied with their career choice.

However, one out of every three nurses is unhappy with their current job. It is difficult to say whether job satisfaction will increase in the coming years, but continued technological advancements designed to streamline the healthcare process offer hope to those who may be frustrated with the complexity of their jobs.

Demands on healthcare change due to various reasons, including the needs of patients. Every year, new cures and treatments help manage common diseases. Each such development affects the entire healthcare system as much as it has a positive impact on patients.

As illnesses become more common, our healthcare system must adapt to treat them. Patient care needs will also evolve as the population ages and relies more heavily on resources such as Medicare and Medicaid. Patient empowerment is expected to increase with advances in technology. The bubonic plague is a good example of a disease that can drastically change the healthcare system by quickly shifting all resources to handle an epidemic. In the Middle Ages, the Black Death spread so quickly across Europe that it is responsible for an estimated 75 million deaths.

It may be surprising that the bubonic plague still circulates today. In fact, according to Center for Disease Control data, there were 11 cases and three deaths in the U. Although the bubonic plague is not near the threat it once was, other diseases and conditions of concern are on the rise. The following seven conditions are on the rise and can be expected to have an impact on healthcare in the near future:. The healthcare industry has identified these previous conditions, preparing to handle further increases with supplies and resources.

However, a new threat is always possible. If something similar to the Ebola virus spread across the country, this would have a drastic impact on patient care and healthcare facilities. The current baby boomer generation, which initially consisted of 76 million people born between and , will be coming to retirement age and will increase federal spending on Medicare and Medicaid by an average of 5.

Healthcare technology trends focus heavily on patient empowerment. The introduction of wearable biometric devices that provide patients with information about their own health and telemedicine apps allow patients to easily access care no matter where they live.

With new technologies focused on monitoring, research, and healthcare availability, patients will be able to take a more active role in their care. From policy to patients and everything in-between, the healthcare industry is constantly evolving. Aging populations, technological advancements, and illness trends all have an impact on where healthcare is headed.

Since it is crucial to pay attention to shifts in society to understand where healthcare is headed, consider dedicating time each day to reading recommended industry literature that you will find in our list of 25 books for every healthcare professional.

Data security is one of the primary issues in almost every organization, and it becomes difficult to secure the data of customer or even the personal information of the business. Thus, it is a need to integrate the authentication system for ensuring the data security. Thus, like any other organization healthcare is also one of the industries encountering the issue. As the healthcare businesses manage the data of patient which is uncountable, so it is vital that there must be the security system.

But then integrating the latest healthcare system costs them a lot, so it turns out to be the financial challenge. Healthcare industry is not facing the economic problem only but also the data management one as well. It is complicated for the industry to manage the data of patients and whenever there is a need it is improbable for them to find the data.

Hence, for resolving the issue of data management of patients, the healthcare industry is integrating the automatic data management systems.

These are the systems which are useful in efficient data managing. These systems are helpful to manage the data of every patient. Mergers are the relevant segment of the landscape of healthcare. Large payers are merging into the companies that are larger, and healthcare is combining the forces. There is enhancing the officials of government for ensuring that the arrangements are legitimate.

Hospitals and providers of healthcare have to ensure that they are compliant with the rules and regulations overriding everything from the patients of privacy to the results of procedures.

Following the guidelines are essential for the healthcare industry so it is vital that the industry must be prepared for investing in meeting the guidelines of compliance. One of the main issues that physicians and health suppliers come across is the overheads that amount to quite forty percent of the revenue that is earned. In the era, where boomers of baby are at their highest, then it is something not making sense for dropping the patients once the cuts happen if they do occur, that is improbable.

In its place reining within the overheads may work wonders if the cutbacks take place. Obtaining partial or maybe regular support for the requirements of coding and billing also for the management of revenue cycle areas from the professionals are helpful for the providers of healthcare to cut the costs. It is also useful in freeing up the staff to emphasize the core areas that are of voluminous like care of the patient and research etc.

If the healthcare industry wants to mitigate the issue of overheads then it vital to get the support that helps in the management of medical billing, coding and denial managing. It is also helpful in reducing the errors that are avoidable and enhancing the revenue with saving time and efforts as well. Revenue cycle management is the essential component of the practice of physicians that is financially successful, and optimization of the same is something leading to the losses prevention because of inefficient management of revenue cycle.

It is again one of the main issues that are facing by the healthcare industries. It is an issue because it necessitates technological understanding and meticulousness that enhances the result of management. When there is no technological integration in the healthcare business, then it causes the financial problems.

The latest technology without no doubt is expensive for the healthcare industry but then it is a one-time investment, and moreover, it is helpful in saving the time also can increase the revenue through the incentives offered by the government authorities to use the technologies. Though the healthcare requires being attentive as for the management of revenue cycle the industry needs to keep in mind one aspect that is shorter turnaround time for the reimbursement and the interaction that is productive.

It can be initiated proficiently with the help of devoted medical billers and coders instead of a physician. Healthcare industry is also facing the issue of physicians and due to which it causes a lot of physician shortages. The executives of healthcare are coming across the problem of not having enough physicians.

It is because of the ageing population and general as well. Proficiency integrate the physicians have the schedules that are of full-appointment, but the doctors are asking for the high salaries these days due to which due o which healthcare faces the financial issues. Changes in the healthcare industry are another issue that is there and requires appropriate planning.

When changes keep on taking place in the industry, then it is something which disrupts the financial plan. Due to sudden changes by the government officials in the industry, healthcare professionals feel that it is tough for them to manage the problem.

But then there is the requirement of the solution because it is about offering the quality services to the customers or patients. The purchasing programs that are of value-based are firmly in place for the healthcare industry. The CMS reveals that around , professional providers are not having an essential effect of certified technology that is EHR.

It is something that would have proved to be Fee schedule cut around one percent. Healthcare professionals are also experiencing reimbursement reductions for non-compliance with the electronic prescribing. They also require complying with the new program that is value-based payment. It is a program that integrates the calculating of payments to the physicians in the practices that are group-based on annual cost and measures of quality.

It is the segment of efforts for improving the healthcare, but the program integrates yet additional regulations which need to be monitored by the physicians. All of these modifications and the new requirements of reporting are something that not only leads to financial issues but also making the physicians busy.

It is better for the healthcare industry to determine the strategies for risk tolerance and implementing them for surviving in the models that are is value-based. Instances of strategies for risk integrate applying for the Accountable care organization and ensuring the participation in the bundled arrangements of payment.

To comprehend that which is the best strategy for every ingrown toenails gold coast healthcare business, it is vital for using the analysis of data and building of scenario. Most of the healthcare businesses are at risk because of not making the appropriate decisions. But it is important to note that not all risks are based on tolerance as the hospitals are already at the risk of decreased reimbursement. It is one of the primary financial issues that healthcare is facing nowadays. In total, the healthcare business as a whole is facing the contracts proliferation that is of value-based for the sector that is commercial.

Catalyst for Payment Reform analyzed that the around 40 percent of the payments are made to the providers of healthcare in the plans of commercial are value-based. It is also categorized as 11 percent of enhancement from the year Around fifteen percent of payments that are based on value are paid under the arrangements of full capitation, and 12 percent are for the amounts of fee service with the pay for performance erected into the contracts.

Healthcare industries are one of the organizations that are growing at the rapid rate in the 21st century. Nothing is surprising that the businesses come across the financial challenges and healthcare is also one of them.

As the industry is experiencing a lot of financial challenges these days, so the primary ones are discussed above for the enhanced understanding. No business would like to experience the economic and the same as in the case of healthcare. It is essential that the challenges mentioned above should be alleviated. Is spending still the best way to set goals right? Most of the […].